Research Guide: Ford Fleet and Marine Operations
Answer
The Ford Fleet began in 1923 when the company ordered two 600’ ore carriers, the future M/S Henry Ford II and M/S Benson Ford, to be built. As those were being constructed, they also purchased two more vessels in 1924, the S/S Oneida and the S/S Onondaga which made their first sailings under Ford in May of 1924 with the Henry and Benson following in August. These ships were used to haul iron ore, lumber, coal, and other raw materials from the Ford plants in the Upper Peninsula and other material outlets.
In 1925, the Ford Fleet expanded greatly with the addition of nearly 30 U.S. Government surplus boats from World War I purchased as part of the 199 boats. This group of vessels consisted mainly of lakers and tugboats, some of which were converted into barges or for ocean-going service. Also in 1925, the Marine Department was formed with Captain Oscar A. Johnson as superintendent.
The 1930s saw another expansion of the fleet with the addition of special built canal vessels, the S/S Chester, S/S Edgewater, M/S Green Island, and M/S Norfolk, to carry parts to and from the East Coast and on to European factories. The East Coast plants, which handled exports, handled the ocean-goers and had several lighters. While the main Marine Office was in Dearborn, the company also had a traffic department at Edgewater to handle export traffic. The 1930s also saw a downturn in marine traffic and cargo needs due to the depression and a number of the ships were idled during 1932-1935.
The fleet was used mainly for transporting raw materials, car parts, and knocked down vehicles, but the ships were also used in other ways. In 1928, Lake Ormoc was refitted with a machine shop, hospital, chemistry lab, water distillation equipment, library and living quarters and brought a group of Ford employees to Brazil to establish the Fordlandia plantation. The Henry II was often used by Henry and Clara Ford and their guests during the summer months. Later, Marine Department personnel were allowed to take a trip with their family onboard various ships, but the ships were never used for regular passenger service.
As World War II approached, the situation of the Ford Fleet began to change. When the Ford plant finally unionized in 1941, the sailors in the Marine Department did as well, with the National Maritime Union (NMU) however rather than the UAW and the officers remained non-union. When Ford’s European plants shut down for civilian production the ocean-goers were no longer needed to ship Ford parts so in 1941 the Ford Navigation Company was incorporated to handle the traffic of the four canal boats so they could be “common carriers” and carry non-Ford cargo to fill their holds, the company was dissolved 1946. The biggest change however started in 1941 when the U.S. government began compulsory chartering or sale of vessels from the fleet and over the next few years chartered or purchased all the ships from the fleet but the M/S Henry Ford II, M/S Benson Ford, and tug Dearborn. Over the course of the war six ships in the Ford Fleet were sunk and many crew members were lost.
After the war, neither the U.S. Government nor Ford Motor Company needed the surviving ships. Ford had been chartering other ships during the war to carry their materials and it was unknown how much shipping capacity they would need post-war. The Marine Department decided to keep their big ore ships and eliminate the tugs and barges, selling off all but the M/S Henry Ford II and the M/S Benson Ford over the next few years. In 1945, the Traffic Department, including Marine Traffic, moved from the Administration Building to the B Building at the Rouge. Marine Operations was later transferred to the Transportation Department and office moved to the Transportation Garage.
By 1952, Ford Motor Company’s raw material needs had risen to over five million tons of coal, iron ore, limestone, dolomite, sand, pig iron, scrap, and bearings. They were using 15 different ship companies in addition to the M/S Henry Ford II and M/S Benson Ford to move cargo. It became clear that Marine Operations need to add more ships to the fleet. In 1953, the S/S William Clay Ford was added, sailing its first trip in August of that year. In 1957, Marine Operations was transferred to the Steel Division, with an office at the Rouge Office Building. In 1962, the fleet was further expanded with the S/S Ernest R. Breech and S/S Robert S. McNamara. With the addition of these two ships, the Ford Fleet was able to carry 84% of Ford’s tonnage. A new Marine Office Building was built at the Rouge Boat Slip in 1965 allowing for more direct access to shipping. Soon after, in 1966 the S/S John Dykstra was added to the fleet.
The ships were continually updated. In 1960 and 1961, new crew quarters were built on the M/S Henry Ford II and M/S Benson Ford. While both the Henry and Benson always had wireless radios, in 1948 these were replaced by ship to shore telephones. In 1953, both ships were outfitted with gyro compasses to provide more precise navigation and in 1958 VHF radio telephones were installed. Ship to shore telephones were installed in the Marine Office in 1966. In 1978-1979 the S/S William Clay Ford was expanded by 120’ to provide more cargo room. The Ford Fleet was also the first fleet on the Great Lakes to meet the Michigan Watercraft Pollution Control Act requirements in 1971.
Operations continued profitable in the 1960s and most of the 1970s. At the opening of the 1975 shipping season, the fleet was capable of handling all Ford Motor Company’s requirements of iron ore, coal, and limestone. Any leftover cargo space was chartered out for a profit. In the 1980s, the company began to reevaluate fleet operations. Fuel prices for ships had been going up and rose even more in the 1980s and tons of ore shipped had been dropping steadily and by the early 1980s the fleet had excess cargo capacity. It was decided to sell off all the ships over the course of 1984-1989, and Marine Operations was closed down in 1989.
A few pieces of the ships live on. The pilot house of the M/S Benson Ford was converted into a cottage and the original S/S William Clay Ford pilot house was placed at the Dossin Great Lakes Museum in 1991.
Ships
- S/S Oneida
- Built: 1920
- Purchased: 1924
- First Ford Fleet voyage: May 1924
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sunk: July 1942 (6 lost)
- S/S Onondaga
- Built: 1920
- Purchased: 1924
- First Ford Fleet voyage: May 1924
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sunk: July 1942 (15 lost)
- M/S Henry Ford
- Built: 1924
- First Ford Fleet voyage: August 1924
- Chartered out: 1988
- Sold: 1989
- M/S Benson Ford
- Built: 1924
- First Ford Fleet voyage: August 1924
- Idled: 1981
- Renamed John Dykstra: 1982
- Dismantled: 1983 (pilot house used as a cottage the rest was scrapped)
- M/S East Indian
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sunk: November 1942 (57 lost)
- Lake Benbow
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Sold: 1937
- Scrapped: 1959
- S/S Lake Gorin
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Sold: 1937
- Sank: 1941
- M/S Lake Ormoc
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- 1928 takes first settlers to Fordlandia under Captain Einard Oxholm
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1947
- Sank: 1962
- M/S Lake Osweya
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sunk: February 1942 (all lost)
- Barge Lake Allen
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sunk: December 1942
- Barge Lake Crystal
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Returned to Ford: September 1943
- Sold: 1945
- Sank: 1946
- Barge Lake Farge
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sold: 1945/1946
- Scrapped: 1953
- Barge Lake Folcroft
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold as Scrap: 1946
- Barge Lake Freeland
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1946
- Scrapped: 1973
- Barge Lake Frugality
- Built: 1920
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1946
- Sank: 1959
- Barge Lake Frumet
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sold: 1945/1946
- Scrapped: 1953
- Barge Lake Hemlock
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Returned to Ford: September 1943
- Sold: 1945
- Sank: 1957
- Barge Lake Inaha
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1946
- Sank: 1954
- Barge Lake Kyttle
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1943
- Sold: 1945
- Sank: 1960
- Barge Lake Louise
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold to Government: 1942
- Sank: 1947
- Barge Lake Pleasant
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1946
- Scrapped: 1957
- Barge Lake Sapor
- Built: 1918
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1946
- Sank: 1947
- Tug Ballcamp
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Sold: 1933
- Tug Barlow
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1941/1942
- Sold: 1945
- Tug Bathalum
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Sold: 1934
- Tug Baymead
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Sold: 1934
- Tug Barrallton
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Returned to Ford: September 1943
- Sold: 1944
- Tug Buttercup
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold to Government: 1942
- Tug Daniel L. Hebard
- Built: 1875
- Purchased: 1925
- Scrapped: 1930
- Tug Humrick
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1925
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sold to Government: 1942
- Tug Jay C. Morse
- Built: 1867
- Purchased: 1925
- Scrapped: 1932
- M/S Chester (canal vessel)
- Built: 1931
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1947
- Scrapped: 1955
- M/S Edgewater (canal vessel)
- Built: 1931
- Commandeered by Government: 1942
- Sold: 1947
- Sank: 1968
- Tug Dearborn
- Built: 1932
- Sold: 1946
- M/S Green Island (canal vessel)
- Built: 1937
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sunk: May 1942 (all survived)
- M/S Norfolk (canal vessel)
- Built: 1937
- Commandeered by Government: 1941
- Sold: 1946
- Scrapped: 1967
- Lighters No. 1(used on East Coast only)
- Built: 1919
- Purchased: 1920
- Sold: 1936
- Lighters No. 2-4 (used on East Coast only)
- Sold: 1933
- Sold: 1933
- Lighter No. 5 (used on East Coast only)
- Built: 1913
- Sold:
- S/S William Clay Ford
- Built: 1953 (1st Steam Turbine in Ford Fleet)
- Lengthened 120’: 1978-1979
- Sold: 1984
- S/S Ernest R. Breech
- Built: 1952
- Purchased: 1962
- Chartered out: 1983
- Sold: 1988
- S/S Robert S. McNamara
- Built: 1909
- Purchased: 1962
- Sold: 1972
- S/S John Dykstra
- Built: 1953
- Purchased: 1966
- Renamed Benson Ford: 1982
- Sold for Scrap: 1987
- S/S William Clay Ford
- Built: S/S Walter A. Sterling
- Purchased: 1984
- Sold: 1989
- S/S Benson Ford
- Built: S/S Edward B. Greene
- Purchased: 1984
- Sold: 1989
Ship Masters
- M/S Henry Ford II
- Oscar A. Johnson
- John J. Pearce
- Bernard Olsen
- Sidney Inch
- Sven Fagerstrom
- Donald Erickson
- James R. Brent
- Michael A. Gerasimos
- James Van Buskirk
- Theodore Cogswell
- M/S Benson Ford
- Perry Stakes
- Daniels
- John J. Pearce
- Andy Pederson
- John B. Martin
- Bernard Olsen
- Carl H. Meyers
- Gustav Goransson
- S/S William Clay Ford
- John J. Pearce
- Bernard Olsen
- Donald Erickson
- James Van Buskirk
- S/S Ernest R. Breech
- Sven Fagerstrom
- Gustav Goransson
- James R. Brent
- S/S John Dykstra
- Gustav Goransson
- Mark Ganey
- James Van Buskirk
- Michael A. Gerasimos
- S/S Robert S. McNamara
- Gustav Goransson
- James R. Brent
- James Van Buskirk
- Joseph Cusack
- Relief Masters
- Charles R. Van Buskirk
- Theodore Cogswell
Marine Operations Managers/Superintendents
- Captain Oscar A. Johnson (1925-1938)
- Norman J. Ahrens (1938-1955)
- F. Jordan Schanbeck (1955-1958)
- Clare J. Snider (1958-1975)
- Richard DeWalt (1975-1979)
- John G. Nye (1979-1985)
- James R. Commerford (1985-1988)
Bibliography
Archival
- Acc. 730 Marine Operations Records
- box 1-3 Series I, vessel trip logs
- box 4-6 Series II, daily coal shipments to the vessels from the Eastern Coal Corporation and Antherfine Coal Co.
- box 7 Series II, commissary reports, meal reports, food invoices
- box 8 Series IV, correspondence covering the involvement of the War Shipping Administration and Ford Marine Department in the war effort
- box 9-10 Series V, repair and sale of various vessels after the war
- box 11 Series VI, miscellaneous correspondence and data involving the ships
- box 12-13 Series VII, employee records
- box 14 Series VIII, communications on board ships
- box 15-17 Series IX, marine traffic correspondence
- Acc. 119 Marine Division Records Subseries
- box 1-6 Boat Operations
- box 7-56 Boat Charges
- box 57-66 Boat Manifests
- box 67-75 William McGreevy Files
- Massey Hammer
- Ocean Freight Rates, 1935-1940
- Purchase Notices, 1945-1946
- Ship Inventoried and Disbursements, 1935-1941
- Specifications
- S.S. Truant File
- (at this point box numbers start over again at 1)
- box 1-28 Ship Logs
- box 29-34 Trip Reports and Engineers Logs
- box 35 Correspondence and Reports
- box 36 Accident Reports
- box 37 I.A. Capizzi Correspondence
- Crew Lists
- box 38-39 Tax Data
- Oversized Ship Logs
- Acc. 404 Marine Division Records Subseries
- box 1
- Boat Expenses, 1945-1946
- Burden Adjustments on Cost of Sales, 1942
- Cargo Costs-Lake Ships, 1927-1942
- Coal, Ore, Limestone, Timber, 1944-1946
- Correspondence, 1942-1945
- Demurrage, 1944-1945
- Fixed Charges-Lake Ships, 1935-1940
- Gasoline Details, 1947-1948
- Johansson Gage, 1946-1947
- Marine Invoices, 1946
- Miscellaneous, 1931-1938
- box 2-6 Operating Reports, 1935-1941
- box 6
- Ship Subjects (accounting instructions), 1927-1939
- Slop Chest Summaries, 1942
- Transportation Garage Details, 1942-1948
- Water Rates, 1930-1938
- box 1
- Acc. 784 Ford Motor Company Marine Reports
- box 1-2 Marine Operating Reports, 1926-1927
- box 1-2 Marine Operating Reports, 1926-1927
- Acc. 1846 Payroll Statistics Records
- box 2 Payroll Statistics (include some ocean and lake going vessels)
- box 6 Payroll Statistics (include some ocean and lake going vessels)
- Acc. 2003.11 Joseph C. Groff Papers
- box 1 Photographs, reports, and drawings from MS East Indian (Groff was the captain)
- box 1 Photographs, reports, and drawings from MS East Indian (Groff was the captain)
- Acc. 1754 Florence Monaghan Papers
- box 1
- Correspondence regarding passage aboard MS Henry Ford II
- Diary; “My Trip Aboard Henry Ford, 2nd. August 1925”
- box 1
- Acc. 93.117 Ford Motor Company Freighter Stationery
- box 1 Stationery from Ford Motor Company Great Lakes freighter ships, circa 1970
- box 1 Stationery from Ford Motor Company Great Lakes freighter ships, circa 1970
- Acc. 285 Henry Ford Office Papers
- box 210 Boats (Henry Ford II, Benson Ford, etc.)
- box 348 Boats
- box 387 River Rouge, Michigan (includes Ford Fleet Signals assigned by the Lake Carriers Association.)
- box 452 Boats
- box 588 Boats
- box 746 Boats
- box 926 Boats
- box 2108 Boat Schedule - 1937-1938
- box 2240
- Boat Schedule 1939
- Boat Schedule 1940
- box 2443 Boats (Ford)
- Miscellaneous
- Schedule - Passenger Accommodations
- Schedule of Freighters
- box 2626
- BOA-BOD (includes Memo of data re: Boats - Fleet)
- Boat Schedule
- box 2799 Boats - Schedule of Lake Freighters, 1945, 1946
- box 2928 Boats - Schedules of Freighters, 1947, 1948, 1949
- box 3031 BOATS (Schedule of freighters for 1950)
- Acc. 1 Fair Lane Papers
- box 183 Ford Motor Company vessels
- MS Benson Ford (see also oversize box 195)
- MS Henry Ford II, correspondence, itineraries, and general materials regarding, 1924-1945, and undated
- MS Oneida, undated (photographic prints, black-and-white, 8x10 inches)
- MS Onondaga, undated (photographic prints, black-and-white, 8x10 inches)
- Unidentified vessel, undated (photographic prints, black-and-white, 8x10 inches)
- box 183 Ford Motor Company vessels
- Acc. 6 Edsel B. Ford Office papers
- box 130 AMERICAN (includes American Merchant Marine Library Assoc. re: supplies Ford ore boats), 1938
- box 130 AMERICAN (includes American Merchant Marine Library Assoc. re: supplies Ford ore boats), 1938
- Acc. 94 Dearborn Engineering Laboratory Records
- box 121 Boats - Henry Ford II - Benson Ford, 1925
- box 121 Boats - Henry Ford II - Benson Ford, 1925
- Acc. 157 C.L. Martindale and Otto H. Husen Files
- box 29 Marine Correspondence, 1939-1941
- box 175 Boats (Audit Reports) 1932, 1933, 1935, 136, 1937, 1938, 1939
- box 186 Boats - Fines - Seamen, 1929-1930
- box 262 Marine Accounting instructions, 1927-1941
- box 264 Instructions 1921-1924 (includes Marine Traffic procedures)
- Acc. 241 Department Executive Records Subseries
- box 4 Marine Traffic (ship specifications)
- box 4 Marine Traffic (ship specifications)
- Acc. 572 Nevins and Hill Research Series
- box 25 no.11.29.2 Ships (includes: Purchase of Vessels, Operations, Cost, Ford News Articles Re: Shipping)
- box 25 no.11.29.2 Ships (includes: Purchase of Vessels, Operations, Cost, Ford News Articles Re: Shipping)
- Acc. 447 Press Releases Subseries
- box 1 Boats - Ford Fleet
- Fleet on U. S. Inland Waterways
- box 2 Ford Fleet
- box 1 Boats - Ford Fleet
- Acc. 536 Public Relations Research Library Press Releases Subseries
- box 9 Boats
- General, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1952 (4 folders)
- Benson Ford
- box 10 Boats
- Benson Ford
- Casualties, World War II Eagle
- East Indian
- Ford Fleet, World War II
- Green Island Photographs (2 folders)
- Henry Ford II and Benson Ford, 1952 Shipping Season Deliveries
- Henry Ford Photographs (7 folders)
- Idled by Steel Strike Photographs, 1952
- Kearny Plant Photographs (2 folders)
- Lake Ormoc Photographs
- Lake Pleasant Photographs
- Mail Photographs
- Oneida Photographs
- Onondaga Photographs (2 folders)
- box 11 Boats
- Smokestack Painting Photographs
- Statistics
- Tom N. Girdler Photographs
- Tonnage Record, 1948-1954 (5 folders)
- William Clay Ford
- box 9 Boats
- Acc. 378 Public Relations Research Library Subject Files Subseries
- box 1 Ford, Benson; Correspondence about Henry Ford II Boat
- box 1 Ford, Benson; Correspondence about Henry Ford II Boat
- Acc. AR.71.08653 Ford Fleet Marine Traffic Press Releases, 1966
- box 1 Press releases relating to S/S John Dykstra
- box 1 Press releases relating to S/S John Dykstra
- Acc. 951 Ford Motor Company Non-Serial Publications Collection
- box 35 Passenger Guide, 1979
- box 53 Welcome Aboard
- Acc. 390 AM Wibel Office Papers. Purchasing Department
- box 68 Ford Boat Operations (Marine File), 1928-1942 (2 folders)
- box 68 Ford Boat Operations (Marine File), 1928-1942 (2 folders)
- Acc. 479 OH Husen Records. Accounting Department
- box 1
- Volume IV Ocean and Lake - Marine Operations, 1930
- Volume V Statement of Operations for 1931; Marine, May 1932
- box 1
- Acc. 235 Administration Building Third Floor Vault Records Series
- box 35 Marine Operations
- box 35 Marine Operations
- Acc. 748 Defense Contracts Department Records Series
- box 1-3 Maritime Administration, WWII files
- box 1-3 Maritime Administration, WWII files
- Acc. 833 General Photographs Series
- box 49
- Boat "Oneida" (111a)
- Boat “Onondoga” (111b)
- box 50 Boats (2 folders, 115a and 115b)
- box 51 Boats (5 folders, 115c - 116c)
- box 52 Boats (6 folders, 117a - 118a)
- box 53 Boats (3 folders, 118b - 119a)
- box 49
- Acc. 1660 Photographic Vertical File
- box 61 Barges; Ford Motor Company
- box 151 Ships; Ford Motor Company
- General
- MS Benson Ford
- MS East Indian
- MS Edgewater
- MS Green Island
- MS Henry Ford II (2 folder)
- MS John Dykstra
- MS Lake Benbow
- MS Lake Osweya
- MS Oneida
- MS Onondaga
- MS William Clay Ford
- box 162 Tugboats; Ford Motor Company
- Acc. 34 Topical for Henry Ford Series
- box 3 MS Benson Ford (photograph album)
- box 3 MS Benson Ford (photograph album)
- Acc. 1160 Viggo J Thomsen Photographs
- box 1 Ford Fleet maritime snapshots including images of ships and freighters
- box 1 Ford Fleet maritime snapshots including images of ships and freighters
- Acc. 823 P.E. Martin Paper
- box 1 Photographs; Freighter Henry Ford II construction, 1924
- box 1 Photographs; Freighter Henry Ford II construction, 1924
- Acc. 1505 Photographs for the Ford News Bureau Album
- box 1 (includes images of the Ford Fleet and MS Benson Ford)
- box 1 (includes images of the Ford Fleet and MS Benson Ford)
- Engineering and Blueprint Aperture Cards
- drawer 4 SS Chester
Ford News
- Ford Fleet (Barges)
- Ford Fleet (Freighters)
- Ford Fleet (Tugboats)
Rouge News
- Ford Fleet (Barges)
- Ford Fleet (Freighters)
Oral Histories
Vertical File
- Ford Fleet
- “Benson Ford”
- “East Indian”
- “Ernest R. Breech”
- Edgewater
- General (2 folders)
- “Henry Ford II”
- “John Dykstra”
- “Oneida”
- “Onondaga”
- “Robert S. McNamara”
- “William Clay Ford”
Books
- The Ford Fleet (1923-1989). Clare J. Snider and Michael W. R. Davis
387.544 F699 S672 1994 (OS)
*Note: The Historical Collections of the Great Lakes at the Jerome Library, Bowling Green State University has the following drawings available for Ford Fleet vessels:
- Dearborn, Great Lakes Engineering Works (GLEW) hull #280
- Edgewater, GLEW hull 276
- Ford, Benson, GLEW hull 245
- Ford II, Henry, American Shipbuilding Company (AmShip) hull 788
- Ford, William Clay, GLEW hull 300
- Lake Hemlock, GLEW hull 187
- Lake Louise, GLEW hull 181
- Lake Ormoc, AmShip hull 228
- Lake Pleasant, AmShip hull 191
- Lake Sapor, Amship hull 251
- McNamara, Robert S., GLEW hull 66
- Oneida, AmShip hull 285
- Onondaga, AmShip hull 283